Niger, officially the Republic of Niger, is a landlocked sub-Saharan country in Western Africa, named after the Niger River. It borders Nigeria and Benin to the south, Burkina Faso and Mali to the west, Algeria and Libya to the north and Chad to the East. The capital city is Niamey. Its proper English pronunciation (in IPA) is , although is also acceptable. Its adjective form is Nigerien , which should not be confused with Nigerian for Nigeria and derives from the French nigérien, -ne. There are different opinions about the adjective form however. Merriam-Webster lists Nigerois as the adjective form which has - despite its sound - no equivalent form in French. CNN and other news sources often circumvent using the adjective altogether, using the noun instead, e.g. 'the Niger parliament', 'Niger leader slain' or 'Niger's capital', 'Niger's people'.
Considerable evidence indicates that about 600,000 years ago, humans inhabited what has since become the desolate Sahara of northern Niger. Niger was an important economic crossroads, and the empires of Songhai, Mali, Gao, Kanem, and Bornu, as well as a number of Hausa states, claimed control over portions of the area.
During recent centuries, the nomadic Tuareg formed large confederations, pushed southward, and, siding with various Hausa states, clashed with the Fulani Empire of Sokoto, which had gained control of much of the Hausa territory in the late 18th century.
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