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Uttar Pradesh (, Urdu: اتر پردیش, IPA: ), also popularly known by its abbreviation U.P., is the most populous and fifth largest state in the Union of India. It is the most populous subnational entity (statoid) in the world, with a population of 166,052,859.

Uttar Pradesh covers a large part of the densely populated Gangetic plain. It shares an international border with Nepal and is bounded by the Indian states of Uttaranchal, Himachal Pradesh, Haryana, Delhi, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand and Bihar. The administrative and legislative capital of Uttar Pradesh is Lucknow; its high court is based at Allahabad. Other notable cities in Uttar Pradesh include NOIDA, Agra, Mathura, Aligarh, Varanasi (Banaras), Gorakhpur, Kanpur and Meerut.

Creation


In the beginning of the 19th century, a series of battles gave the British East India Company (HEIC) mastery over the Doaba and the adjoining region (incluidng the Delhi and Ajmer merwara regions) which they won from the last Mughal emperor -- Shah Alam. The HEIC established an administration controlled by its senior officer in the region, the “Resident” of Delhi. The seat of administration was moved to Agra in 1834 and a “president” was appointed to govern the area. In 1836, a new province was formed which was named the north western province (of Agra). After the mutiny of 1857 the Delhi and Ajmer-merwara region were truncated from the province and its capital was shifted to Allahabad. Meanwhile, in 1877, the HEIC annexed Avadh (Oudh), Rohilkhand and Benares from the Nawab of oudh and this area was merged with the existing Province of Agra to create the North western Provinces of Agra and Oudh, which was later changed to United Provinces of Agra and Oudh and later just United Provinces or U.P. The capital of the new combined state was moved to Lucknow.

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