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Transylvania ( or Transilvania; ; ) is a historical region in the center of Romania. Initially part of the Kingdom of Hungary, Transylvania became an independent principality in the early 16th century, was administered by the Habsburg Monarchy after the late 1600s, and, after World War I, was awarded to the Kingdom of Romania by the Treaty of Trianon (1920).

Transylvania's main city, Cluj-Napoca, is considered to be the region's historical capital, although Transylvania was also ruled from Alba Iulia during its vassalage to the Ottoman Empire, and the seat of the Transylvanian Diet was moved to Sibiu for some time in the 19th century.

In its extended version, used after 1920 both in Romania and Hungary, the term Transylvania designates Transylvania-proper together with regions that have had fluctuating status towards the core area, the Kingdom of Hungary, and the Habsburg Monarchy, while some others are solely defined according to their cultural specificity:

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